Holocaust and Jewish-Christian Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Holocaust and Jewish-Christian Relations - Essay Example The continued anti-Semitic feelings of the Church stem from Christian teachings based on interpretations of the New Testament that have also contributed to the Holocaust and the persecution of Jews in Europe over the centuries. In 1814, Jews in the Papal States were locked into cramped ghettos at night, were forbidden to practice law or medicine, to hold public office or to hire Christian servants. Meanwhile elsewhere in Europe, Jews were increasingly free to live as they wanted. These practices were the inspiration for the racial laws enacted by the Nazis and the Italian Fascists in the 1930's. After the fall of the Papal States in 1870, the Church's hostility towards the Jews began to take an even more disturbing form. No longer simply loathed as unbelievers, the Jews became hated symbols of secular modernity. With varying degrees of enthusiasm the German Catholic Church sympathized with, if not actually supported the Nazis. Their views on communism, socialism, liberalism and freemasonry were similar to those of the Nazis. Though these Church leaders were concerned with some aspects of the National Socialist regime, they did virtually nothing to stem the growing tide of anti-Semitism. Some of them even agreed with the Nazi ideals to "endeavor to maintain the purity of the German blood and German race" and to fight the Jews' "hegemony in finance, the destructive influence of the Jews in religion, morality, literature and art, and political and social life." (The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, pg 23). Hitler was inaugurated as Chancellor of Germany on January 30 1933 with 52% of the votes. To make constitutional changes, the National Socialists needed two thirds of the votes. Therefore Hitler felt compelled to appease the Catholics and made a series of promises and concessions to German Catholicism. On March 23 he released a statement assuring the Christian churches of his resolve to work for peaceful relations between the church and the state. After Hitler gained power the German Catholic leaders adjusted to the Nazi regime and most church leaders enthusiastically supported the domestic and foreign policies of the Fhrer during most of the Nationalist Socialist era. Some thought that the anti-Jewish laws were in fact beneficial as they eliminated Jewish influences considered harmful to Christian society. On the 20th of July 1933 the Concordat between the Vatican and the Third Reich was signed. It was a major step towards legitimizing the Hitler regime and sealed the subordination of German Catholics to the Nazi program. Therefore on June 1 all German Catholic bishops issued a letter withdrawing earlier prohibitions against membership of the Nazi party and encouraged the faithful to be loyal and obedient to the new program. They looked upon the National Socialist regime as another anti-communist authoritarian system, not recognizing Hitler's totalitarian ambitions. On March 24, Hitler acquired the support of the Catholic Cen tre Party for passage of the Enabling Act, under which Hitler could enact ordinary legislation by decree. This right was extended a year after

John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Essay Example for Free

John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Essay John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address The Inaugural Address, by John F. Kennedy is about the people cooperating to make America a better place for everyone. John F. Kennedy’s speech was delivered in the east side of the capitol on January 20, 1961. In John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, he emphasizes the need for unity among mankind. John F. Kennedy utilizes anaphora to evoke togetherness throughout the world. Throughout his speech, Kennedy repeats, â€Å"we pledge† several times. Kennedy means to convey unity by using â€Å"we† to connect to the people. Because the phrase is repeated so many times it shows how bad he wants the idea grasped in to the peoples minds. By using the word â€Å"pledge† he is able to emphasize the promise that the people made to America. Kennedy also reiterates the phrase, â€Å" we shall† many times. Through the phrase â€Å"we shall† he is able to highlight that everyone is going to help. It makes the people see that they have a part in constructing America, for Kennedy cannot do it on his own. He wants to build a unity where everyone is on the same team; together they will help each other out and strive for the unity of America. Kennedy wants to be on the same side as the people; he constantly say’s â€Å"let both sides† so that he can come into an agreement with them. If Kennedy makes a connection with the people they will do as he says. He wants â€Å"both sides† to collaborate with each other to create a strong nation. If he were able to create a unified nation, the people would live in a civilized manner, all-willing to help. Through anaphora, Kennedy is able to present the theme that together you can conquer all.

William Blakes Songs of Innocence Essay -- essays research papers

William Blake's Songs of Innocence, â€Å"The Shepherd,† â€Å"The Echoing Green,† The Little Black Boy,† â€Å"The Blossom,† and â€Å"Laughing Song.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Blake wrote many poems during his lifetime. He had a set of poems called The Songs of Innocence and also a set called The songs of Experience. This paper is focusing on five poems from the Songs of Innocence, which are: â€Å"The Shepherd,† â€Å"The Echoing Green,† The Little Black Boy,† â€Å"The Blossom,† and â€Å"Laughing Song.† â€Å"The Shepherd† is a very short two stanza poem in which Blake tells about a shepherd who stays with his flock morning and night praising them. The second stanza consists of the shepherd hearing the lamb’s innocent call and the ewe’s soft reply. The shepherd watches the lambs in peace and they know that he is not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Echoing Green† is longer than â€Å"The Shepherd.† It is a three stanza poem with an AABBCC rhyme scheme. It is about a field or park where there are birds flying and bells ringing. There are young people playing sports, while the old people are sitting under a tree talking about what they used to do on the echoing green in their youth. They stay until the little ones are weary and can no longer be merry. Then the sun goes down and the sports have to end. The sisters and brothers sit on their mothers laps and rest. No more sports are seen on the darkening green. â€Å"The Little Black Boy† is a seven stanza poem with an ABABCDCD rhyme scheme. It is about a ...

The Problem and Its Settings

Chapter I: The Problem and its Settings â€Å"You do anything long enough to escape the habit of living until the escape becomes the habit. † ~ David Ryan Introduction Internet and online game addiction, sometimes referred to as cyberspace addiction or online addiction, can manifest itself in many ways in today's teens. If your daughter/son/sister/brother just spent an entire beautiful weekend updating his/her page on Facebook, playing online games on Y8, playing Vice City, battling on WarCraft foregoing a trip with the family to an amusement park or mall, he/she may be showing signs of addiction. The Internet is a seductive place, especially for today's linked-in teens who are far more likely to add graffiti to their friend's Facebook wall than they are to actually get on their bicycle and ride over to that same friend's house. You have to admit it would be a challenge to connect face-to-face with someone you've never met in person and who lives in a different time zone. Therein lies the problem. The Internet is perfect for teens. Today's social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter let them represent themselves as whomever, or whatever, they want. Everything is edited by them, chosen specifically to present the face they want the world to see. And if they decide to change that face, then they just delete some pictures, add some new friends, and voila! – new person! Experts say that as many as 10 percent of Internet users may be considered addicted, although some mental health professionals balk at using that term in a clinical sense. They argue that an activity can only be addictive when it causes a certain type of chemical reaction in the brain, and that's hard to determine. But when you're arguing with a teen about the amount of time she's spending online and she just can't get her paper done because her Instant Messenger keeps alerting her something new and exciting is happening with her best friend, then call it what you like, it's a problem – for you, the child, and the entire family. Many parents feel torn, though, about limiting their children's time on the computer. If a teen is struggling socially, some parents believe any human interaction, even through the computer, is preferable to none. And with teens that are risk-takers or have questionable taste in friends, some parents feel they can better monitor and keep their children safe by letting them stay home, downloading music files and creating quizzes for their Web pages. And many parents just want to avoid the tantrums, the cold shoulder, or the arguments that flare whenever the issue of computer time management comes up. Background of the Study Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email. Online game, a game played over some form of  computer network. This almost always means the  Internet  or equivalent technology, but games have always used whatever technology was current:  modems  before the Internet, and hard wiredterminals  before modems. The expansion of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion of computer networks from small local networks to the Internet and the growth of Internet access itself. Online games can range from simple text based games to games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players simultaneously. Many online games have associated  online communities, making online games a form of social activity beyond single player games. The rising popularity of  Flash  and  Java  led to an Internet revolution where websites could utilize streaming video, audio, and a whole new set of user interactivity. When Microsoft began packaging  Flash  as a pre-installed component of  IE, the Internet began to shift from a data/information spectrum to also offer on-demand entertainment. This revolution paved the way for sites to offer games to web surfers. Some online multiplayer games like  World of Warcraft,  Final Fantasy XI  and  Lineage II  charge a monthly fee to subscribe to their services, while games such as  Guild Wars  offer an alternative no monthly fee scheme. Many other sites relied on advertising revenues from on-site sponsors, while others, like  RuneScape, or  Tibia  let people play for free while leaving the players the option of paying, unlocking new content for the members. Addiction, can also be viewed as a continued involvement with a substance or activity despite the negative consequences associated with it. Pleasure, enjoyment or relief from actual or perceived ailments would have originally been sought; however, over a period of time involvement with the substance or activity is needed to feel normal. Some psychology professionals and many laypeople now mean ‘addiction' to include abnormal psychological dependency on such things as gambling, video games, food, sex, pornography, computers, internet, work, exercise, adrenaline, idolizing, watching TV or certain types of non-pornographic videos, spiritual obsession, self-injury and shopping. The  American Society of Addiction Medicine  begins their definition of addiction by describing it as â€Å"a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Statement of the Problem

Econmet Paper

Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN A Study on the Effect of Inflation, Net Income, and Energy Use to the Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Philippines An Empirical Paper Presented to The Faculty of the School of Economics De La Salle University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in ECONMET Submitted by: Christian Benedict B. Arga 11027614 Submitted to: Dr. Cesar Rufino December 14, 2012 1 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Table of Contents Introduction I. II. III. IV. Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study Scope and LimitationsReview of Related Literature I. II. III. Inflation Net Income Energy Use Operational Framework I. II. Variable Descriptions A-Priori Expectations Methodology I. II. Data Gathered Model Specifications Empirical Results and Interpretation I. II. Variable Analysis Critical Assumptions 2 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN 1. Multicollinearity 2. Homoscedasticity 3. Non-autocorrelation Remedial Measures and Adjusted Estimated Econometric Model I. II. Remedial Measures Adjusted Econometric Model Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography Data Presentation 3 Christian Benedict B.ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Introduction I. Background of the Study In this empirical paper, the researcher aims to know the effects of net income, inflation and energy use on the consumption of fossil fuels in the country. This project will allow the student to use various econometric concepts and a variety of tests to determine the factors that will allow him a practical approach on the subject. Fossil fuel as defined by Encyclopedia Britannica is â€Å"any of a class of materials of biological origin occurring within the Earth’s crust that can be used as a source of energy. It is a hydrocarbon containing natural resource that is not acquired from plants or animals. Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that ha ve been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. The depletion of fossil fuel has been an underlying problem in our economy. Unlike energy coming from hydroelectric power plants or windmills, the energy acquired from fossil fuel cannot be renewed and is gone forever. Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN II. Statement of the Problem As said earlier, fossil fuel is a non-renewable energy source. All countries in the world are trying their best to conserve their respective resources. The problem in this empirical project is that whether various factors such as inflation, net income, and energy use of the country has an effect on its consumption of fossil fuels. III. Objectives of the Study There are various objectives to this study. First is to find out whether inflation, net income, and energy use has an effect on a country’s consumption on fossil fuels.Second, is to educate the readers of this paper which of the independent variables affects the consumption of fossil fuel the most. And lastly, this paper aims to apply the various lessons learned in class to show the effects of the chosen variables on the fossil fuel consumption. 5 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN IV. Scope and Limitations The data gathered that was used in this project was limited and only allowed the researcher to gather up to 35 observations because some variables lack values for previous years. Because of this reason, the sample size is relatively small and cannot be compared to other countries for reference.Review of Related Literature I. Inflation Inflation is defined by Investopedia, as the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe inflation, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to keep the excessive growth of prices to a minimum. Inflatio n has affected the rate of many products at which they are consumed. For this project, we will find out if inflation has an effect on the consumption of fossil fuels. We want to find out if people would 6Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN consume more or less if the prices of fossil fuel has been affected by inflation. II. Net Income Net income, as learned in the student’s business subjects, is the money left after subtracting expenses and other deductibles like taxes and interest to the total revenue. We will observe if net income has an effect on fossil fuel consumption. Maybe, a higher net income may lead the consumer to consume more or perhaps, a lower net income may get the consumer to find other sources of energy which may be cheaper than fossil fuel. III. Energy UseFossil fuel burning powers our vehicles and industries, heats and cools our buildings, and runs appliances. It also produces electricity that we use for all sorts of purposes, such as lights and comp uters. This is quite obvious because as we consume more energy, the more fossil fuel we burn and vice versa. 7 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Operational Framework I. Variable Description The model will contain the following components, the dependent variable and the independent variables. The independent variables are those that are exogenous in nature. It is not affected by any variable contained within the model.The dependent variable, on the other hand, is endogenous in nature. It is affected by all the independent variables in the model. For this project, there will be three independent variables namely; inflation, netincome, and energy while the dependent variable will be fossil. Table 1 : Variable Description This is the independent variable. This is the fossil fossil fuel consumption of the Philippines from the years 1977 until 2011. It is expressed in percentage. 8 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN This is a dependent This is GDP variable. measured infl ation by the deflator from 1977 up to 2011.This variable is expressed in the annual percentage. This is a dependent is the variable. This yearly total income of our country from 1977 until netincome 2011. We can see that the data has negative values. This is due to the data being in BoP expressed in US$. This is a dependent is the variable. energy yearly This energy of from the 1977 consumption Philippines until 2011. This variable 9 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN is expressed in kilotonnes. II. A-Priori Expectations The A-Priori is a smart justification before actual testing and analysis is done with the data. Given that the fossil fuel onsumption is the dependent/endogenous variable, we will take a look at the relationship of this with the independent/exogenous variables. This will be presented in the table below: Table 2: A-Priori Expectations Endogenous Variable: fossil Exogenous Variable Relationship Reason As inflation goes up, the prices of fossil fuel goes up too therefore, the consumption of fossil fuel will be reduced. People will try to find cheaper sources of energy and maybe renewable ones are a good try. inflation negative 10 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN netincome positive energy positiveAs netincome increases, there will be more money to spend therefore it may affect the consumption of fossil fuel positively. People will tend to buy more goods like food which requires electricity to cook. As energy consumption goes up, there will be more and more fossil fuel that will be consumed. Most of the world's energy source comes from fossil fuels. Therefore, as people tend to consume more energy, more fossil fuel is going to be burned up. Methodology I. Data Gathered The data gathered has been acquired from the databank of the World Bank’s website. The data is from the Philippines dating back from 1977 until 2011.There are a total of 35 observations. This is due to the reason that some of the variables lack data from 1976 and further back. So to keep the consistency of this project, only 35 observations per variable has been used. This is to ensure that the 11 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN data is unbiased and comparable to each other. Presented in the table below is the data summary from Stata12: II. Model Specifications The regression model to be formed will be based on intuition, economic theories, conducted studies and research materials related to the objectives of this paper.The independent variables chosen will all be affecting the dependent variable, profits, proportionately; therefore, it is appropriate to use the lin-lin model or the linear-linear model. The estimated econometric model based on the A-priori expectations would look like this: fossil=? 1 +? 2 inflation+? 3 netincome+? 4 energy+U i 12 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Empirical Results and Interpretation I. Estimated Econometric Model The summarization table earlier confirms that there are truly a total of thirty-five observations for each variable.The data can therefore be regressed and is comparable for there are equal numbers of observations per variable included in the estimated model. However, in order to determine the individual contribution of each variable, the values should be in terms of the same unit of measurement. The model has been transformed into the Log-Log model so that the data is comparable to each other. Stata12 generated the missing values. Using the Ordinary Least Squares regression functionality of Stata12, the following table has been generated which will lead us to acquire our estimated econometric model: 13 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614AE-FIN The estimated model is now: fossil=-2. 324895. 0168192inflation+. 0182493netincome+. 5711335energy+U i From doing the Ordinary Least Squares regression, we are actually looking at the p-values and the r-squared values. The pvalue will tell us the significance of the variable while the r-squared will tell us the explanatory ability. The significant parameters in the data are the netincome, energy, and the constant. We could say that these parameters are significant because when the p-value generated by Stata12 is generated by two, the p value falls below the required value of 0. 05. The r-squared of the data is at 0. 349 or 93. 49%. This tells us that this data explains that the data is a good fit for the real world because it explains 93. 49% of the real world model. II. Variable Analysis Given the independent variable, fossil, and the independent variables, it is given that for every 1 unit increase in inflation, fossil fuel consumption would go down by 0. 0168912%. This gives inflation a negative relationship with fossil fuel consumption and 14 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN thus matches with our A-priori expectation. Next, for every 1 unit increase in net income, fossil fuel consumption will go up by 0. 182493%. This satisfies our A-priori expectation that net income has a positive relationship with fossil fuel consumption. Energy is also proven to give a positive relationship with fossil fuel consumption. This is given by its coefficient of 0. 5711335. So this means that for every 1 unit increase in energy use, fossil fuel consumption goes up by 0. 5711335% which also satisfies our Apriori expectation. Now for the constant, which has a coefficient of 2. 324895, tells us that if nothing happens with inflation, net income, and energy use, fossil fuel consumption still goes down by 2. 324895%.Although it is a fantasy that there will nothing happen with inflation, net income, and energy, there may be missing factors which were not included in this project. III. Critical Assumptions Classical linear regression models (CLRM) have three critical assumptions ? non-multicollinearity, homoscedasticity and nonautocorrelation. Violations of these will each give up an unfavorable, unreliable and inaccurate outcome for the estimated model. It is for these reasons that the above interpretation of the 15 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN model could not be used yet to conclude anything regarding the consumption of fossil fuel. . Multicollinearity, as defined by Penn State University, is an event whenever two or more of the predictors in a regression model are moderately or highly correlated. To test for multicollinearity, the Variable-Inflating Factor will be used. Shown below is the result generated by Stata12: There is multicollinearity within the model if the Mean Variance-Inflating Factor is greater than 10. From the result generated by Stata12, the Mean VIF is 1. 08. This value is very far from 10 therefore, the model does not possess the problem for multicollinearity. 2.Homoscedasticity Homoscedasticity means that the variance around the regression line is constant for all X values. Heteroscedasticity are most commonly present in cross-section data. When 16 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN heteroscedasticity is present , OLS is no longer the best linear unbiased estimate; therefore, violation of this assumption is a far graver problem than the violation of non-multicollinearity. The researcher used Stata12 to test for homoscedasticity. Using the variables above for the test, Stata12 gave the result as follows: Given that our H o : P-Value (one-tailed) > 0. 5: constant variance and H A : P-Value (one-tailed) < 0. 05: non-constant variance, Stata12 yielded a p-value of 0. 3693. Because the pvalue that was acquired is greater than 0. 05, we accept the null hypothesis which states that our OLS has a constant variance and thus, is not suffering from heteroscedasticity. 3. Non-autocorrelation Another critical assumption of the CLRM is non- autocorrelation. Autocorrelation is the correlation between the past and present value of the data. This violation is commonly 17 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN present in time series data because of the sluggishness of economic variables.The presence of a utocorrelation will result to OLS not being the best linear unbiased estimate, although it is still unbiased, constant, asymptotically normal and sufficient. R–squared are overestimated, t-values F-values and x 2 are all wrong, all leading to counter-intuitive signs. The root cause of all these errors will be coming from the standard errors being underestimated. This will result to wrong policy implementation and misleading inferences. For this, the researcher used the Breusch-Godfrey LM test for autocorrelation. The result can be seen below: Given that our H o : P-Value (one-tailed) > 0. 5: no serial correlation and H A : P-Value (one-tailed) < 0. 05: with serial correlation, Stata12 yielded a p-value of 0. 1119 which is greater than 0. 05 thus, we accept the null hypothesis that there is no serial correlation in the model. Although the data has been tested through the BreuschGodfrey LM test for autocorrelation, we still need to test it 18 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN furthermore but now through the Durbin-Watson d statistic test. The Breusch-Godfrey test has been done first because it is preferred by statisticians for auto correlation testing.Now for the results of the Durbin-Watson: The result for the Durbin-Watson yielded a value of 0. 6512995. As learned through the course, autocorrelation exists if the result is close to 0 or 4. The model possesses positive autocorrelation if the yielded d is close to 0. On the other hand, if d is closer to 4, the model experiences a negative autocorrelation. For the model to be autocorrelation free, the yielded d must be closer to 2 than 0 or 4. In this case, Stata12 returned a result which is closer to 0 which tells us that autocorrelation exists in the model.Because the assumption of no autocorrelation was violated, we must correct this by implementing remedial measures. 19 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Remedial Measures and Adjusted Estimated Econometric Model I. Remedial Measure Bec ause the model was tested with positive autocorrelation above, a remedial measure is needed to be implemented to correct this. For this problem, it will be corrected through the use of the Prais-Winsten estimation. It is a procedure meant to take care of the serial correlation of type AR(1) in a linear model.It is a modification of Cochrane–Orcutt estimation in the sense that it does not lose the first observation and leads to more efficiency as a result. Stata12 could also apply this method whenever autocorrelation is detected through the Durbin-Watson testing. The results are as follows: 20 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN After the application of the Prais-Winsten estimation, we acquired a transformed Durbin-Watson statistic of 1. 206692. This value is closer to 2 compared to the original DW statistic of 0. 651299. Having this result, we can now safely say that the model now is autocorrelation free.II. Adjusted Econometric Model With the execution of the Prais-Wi nsten, the r-squared and the adjusted r-squared has changed together with the coefficients of the variables. With the transformed r-squared of 0. 9994, it has improved from the previous r-squared of 0. 9349. This means that the model now explains 99. 94% of the real world variance. Because of the Prais-Winsten transformation, we acquired new coefficients and thus we have our adjusted econometric model: fossil=-2. 956624. 0344159inflation+. 0145774netincome+. 6412211energy+U i The same concept still applies with our previous econometric model.The relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables haven’t changed so that means that it still meets our A-priori expectation. 21 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Conclusion and Recommendations Now that the model with fossil fuel consumption as its dependent variable; inflation, net income, and energy use as its independent variables, has now been empirically tested and that the concepts and skills th at have been learned in class have been applied, it is now time to supply in the conclusions and recommendations about the subject matter.Fossil fuel as said earlier is a non-renewable source of energy. Once that it has been burned up, it can never be acquired again. Unlike hydroelectric and wind energy sources, these are easily renewable through the resources provided by Mother Nature. Also, the burning of fossil fuel damages the ozone layer and increases the amount of greenhouse gases. It has been proven earlier that the A-priori expectations have been met. First I’d like to discuss the relationship of inflation and fossil fuel consumption. It is said above that fossil fuel consumption and inflation have a negative relationship.This means that whenever inflation goes up, the consumption of fossil fuel goes down. If the global economy wants to reduce the consumption of this non-renewable energy source and encourage people to turn to other sources of energy other than this, t aking advantage of the inflation may be a good idea. If fossil fuels’ prices like oil and coal have gone up due to the inflation, people may find it practical to switch to other sources of energy like solar, wind, or geothermal heat. 22 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Fossil fuel consumption and net income has been proven to have a positive relationship.This is because whenever the net income of a household increases, they can afford more goods such as food and electric dependent devices which consumes more fossil fuel. If the net income on the other hand goes down, the consumption of fossil fuel also goes down. This is due to the fact that people tend to consume less when their income is lower. They buy less food and other goods which consume fossil fuel to be utilized. Energy use also has a positive relationship with the consumption of fossil fuel. Today, very few have switched to the use of renewable energy.There are very few houses that have solar panels to pow er up their household. Some industrial organizations have windmills and large solar panels that power up their buildings and machineries. But even though these alternative sources are more eco-friendly, it comes with a very large price tag. It is very expensive to switch to renewable energy sources than just plainly using fossil fuel for power. So this means that the more a household or organization use energy, more and more fossil fuel is burned and consumed. Fossil fuel is the most reliable source of energy today.If for example, a certain country would want to reduce its fossil fuel consumption, they can implement laws like to increase the taxes on fossil fuel so that people would be forced to switch to other energy resources. The use of fossil 23 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN fuel hasn’t really been a win for our planet. Burning fossil fuels release greenhouse gases which lead to the depletion of the ozone layer. Aside from this, fossil fuel may someday be bur nt out completely. Embracing other sources of energy which may be safe for the environment may be a good thing because fossil fuel will not last for a very, very long time. 4 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Bibliography Gujarati, D. , &Porter, D. (2009). Basic econometrics. Singapore: McGrawHill/Irwin. Damassa, T. (n. d. ). Fossil Fuel Consumption and its Implications | World Resources Institute. World Resources Institute | Global Warming, Climate Change, Ecosystems, Sustainable Markets, Good 2, Governance 2012, & the from Environment. Retrieved December http://www. wri. org/stories/2006/11/fossil-fuel-consumption-and-itsimplications Data | The World Bank. (n. d. ). Data | The World Bank. Retrieved November 30, 2012, from http://data. worldbank. rg/ Fossil Fuels and Energy Use. (n. d. ). B. C. Air Quality – Home. Retrieved December 9, 2012, from http://www. bcairquality. ca/101/fossil-fuels. html Fossil | Department of Energy. (n. d. ). Energy. gov | Department of Energy. Retrieved December 5, 2012, from http://energy. gov/science- innovation/energy-sources/fossil 25 Christian Benedict B. ARGA 11027614 AE-FIN Data Presentation Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) 55. 31347732 54. 8931033 53. 78592188 49. 29623659 45. 48943701 43. 37568802 44. 38229089 35. 31123038 35. 76117547 36. 35431158 40. 26445038 41. 63311248 42. 63808088 43. 43920259 44. 68749999 48. 64714575 49. 75059198 52. 18039963 55. 84399353 56. 88793876 58. 26781808 56. 4225028 53. 69666356 53. 57196521 54. 87855853 56. 41898661 57. 72775356 56. 78790726 58. 16262043 56. 49811715 56. 71572428 57. 1050697 Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) 8. 272875998 9. 331739787 14. 83954359 14. 24994909 11. 70313893 8. 701224356 14. 22188106 53. 3359576 17. 63285991 2. 952878059 7. 4981921 9. 647022877 9. 033063566 12. 9712 8127 16. 268799 7. 932658326 6. 832158129 9. 991314599 7. 550870238 7. 661037838 6. 224392022 22. 38172301 6. 585053049 5. 709799946 5. 54947782 4. 162229818 3. 201335984 5. 516871 5. 828020679 4. 949030524 3. 090323839 7. 549059634 Net income (BoP, current US$) -125000000 -118000000 -206000000 -420000000 -503000000 -1021000000 -836000000 -1449000000 -1300000000 -1301000000 -1190000000 -1185000000 -1349000000 -872000000 -500000000 445000000 924000000 1850000000 3662000000 3282000000 4681000000 3769000000 -1062000000 -30000000 -57000000 -430000000 -287000000 -74000000 -298000000 -1261000000 -899000000 105000000 26Energy use (kT) 20161. 985 20500. 008 21698. 546 22748. 27 22856. 792 23462. 731 25453. 089 22902. 456 24008. 288 24091. 214 25209. 039 26593. 306 27975. 579 28891. 831 28878. 767 30215. 561 30233. 992 32369. 158 33981. 925 35217. 379 37071. 776 38075. 904 39044. 627 40423. 602 38777. 981 39300. 931 39385. 191 39152. 811 39178. 35 38848. 861 38142. 364 39605. 368 Christian B enedict B. ARGA 2009 2010 2011 57. 04278229 57. 04278229 57. 04278229 2. 773246711 4. 222388865 4. 246089114 11027614 -193000000 505000000 1293000000 38842. 497 38842. 497 38842. 497 AE-FIN 27

Essay on Comm 119

Essay on Comm 119 Essay on Comm 119 Purchasing Final Study Notes Ch 1 Corporate Supply Challenges - increased outsourcing places great reliance on suppliers to respond to end-customer needs. - greater dependence on suppliers for design and build responsibilities for complete subassemblies and subsystems. - increased global competition - development of new product technologies - evolving information systems - trend to single sourcing with fewer key suppliers and strategic supplier relationships Corporate Supply Opportunities - identify opportunities to reduce unit costs for products and services - identify opportunities to increase revenue - implement supply initiatives to improve customer satisfaction - reduce total costs of ownership - improve efficiency and effectiveness of the supply process - maximize value from suppliers - work with key supplier to provide product and service innovations Evolution of Supply Function Early 1900's: Clerical and tactical, focus on policies and procedures, key challenges: availability of supply and cost management Early 21st Century: strategic orientation, global supply chains, executive level leadership, key challenges: sustainability, security, globalization, risk and management. ROA - Return On Assets - The return on assets (ROA) percentage shows how profitable a company's assets are in generating revenue. ROA can be commuted as: ROA= Net Income/Average Total Assets Opportunities for Contribution of the Supply Function - Profit leverage effect - Return on Assets effect - information source - effect on efficiency - effect on competitive position and customer satisfaction - effect on organizational risk - effect on image - training ground - Management strategy and social policy Ch 2 3 levels of strategic planning: Corporate, Unit, and Function Supply Strategy Interpreted in Organizational Strategy: Supply objectives-Organizational objectives-Organizational strategy-Supply strategy 6 Major Supply Strategy Areas 1)assurance of supply 2)cost reduction 3)supply chain and support 4)environmental change 5)competitve edge 6)risk management 3 Categories of Supply Risk: Operational, FInancial, and Reputational. 4 Possible Changed Organizational Strategies Involving Purchasing: 1) Materials management 2) Project management 3)Logistics management. OR supply chain management 4) Just In TIme purchasing(production) Supply Chain Questions: What... - Make or buy - Standard VS. Special Quality... - Now VS later - Forward buy (advance) How Much... - Large VS Small Quantities Who... - Centralized VS De-Centralized - Quality of Staff - Top Management Involvement When... - Now VS Later - Forward buy (advance) What Price... - Premium, Standard, Lower - Cost-based, market-based - Lease, Make, Buy Ch 3 9 Goals of Supply 1) improve the organizations competitive position 2) provide an uninterpreted flow of materials, supplies and services required to operate the organization 3) keep the inventory investment and loss at a minimum 4)maintain and improve quality 5) find or develop best in-class suppliers 6) standardize the items and services bought and the processes used to procure them 7) purchase required items and services at lowest total cost of ownership 8) achieve harmonious, productive internal relationships 9) accomplish supply objectives at the lowest possible opportunity costs Structure Options for Large Organizations: Centralized, Hybrid, and De-Centralized. Potential Advantages & DisAdvantages of Centralization Adv: Critical mass, strategic focus, common suppliers, reporting line power, and effective planning and research DisAdv: Lack of job flexibility, lack of recognition of unique needs, distance from users, lack of business unit focus, and narrow specification and job boredom. Potential Advantages & Disadvantages of De-Centralization: Adv: speed of response, broad job specification, hide cost of supply, reporting

Analysis of The Road Not Taken Essays

Analysis of The Road Not Taken Essays Analysis of The Road Not Taken Essay Analysis of The Road Not Taken Essay Essay Topic: The Road The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost I chose the poem because I happened to recall Robert Frosts name when viewing a database of poems on the internet, and I remembered that the poems we read earlier as a class by Frost were well written and appealed to me. This specific poems ties in with the theme of our English class, identity and that is why I chose it. I think the theme of this poem is choice, the act of making a decision that involves a lot of contemplating. Its not a simple decision such as what to wear or what to eat, but something deeper, a decision that can impact ones entire life. We make millions of decisions every day and most of them require no thought, but decisions such as identity, choosing to be yourself, or choosing to be someone else are very serious. Its not the obvious decision, that everyone is themselves, because we are so heavily influenced by the media and our peers. Basically the author, Robert Lee Frost is talking about himself making a life decision that I think involves his identity. We can take example from this and apply this in our own lives. Have we taken the road less traveled by?In every decision there are always at least two choices (in this poem the two roads would be symbols for choices) and theres always a choice that is more common than the other. When it comes to identity, its a sad fact that m any people take the popular road and leave the grassy one (the unpopular but genuine one). In the first stanza the author is confused, he has a dilemma and he looks at the obvious choice in front of him. He doesnt really know what he wants And sorry I could not travel both and be one traveler, hes facing a hard decision long I stood. The second stanza takes a look at the second choice the author has, this road is more grassy and wanted wear.

Biography of Grigori Rasputin

Biography of Grigori Rasputin Rasputin was a self-proclaimed ‘Mystic’ who gained great influence over the Russian royal family because they believed he could cure their son’s hemophilia. He caused chaos in the government and was murdered by conservatives seeking an end to his humiliations. His actions played a small part in the onset of the Russian Revolution. Early Years Grigori Rasputin was born into a peasant family in Siberian Russia in the late 1860s, although the date of his birth is uncertain, as is the number of siblings, even those who survived. Rasputin told stories and kept his facts confused. He claimed he developed mystical skills at age 12. He went to a school but failed to become academic, and after adolescence earned the name ‘Rasputin’ for his actions drinking, seducing and engaging in crime (violence, theft, and rape). It derives from the Russian for ‘dissolute’ (although supporters claim it derives from the Russian word for crossroads, as his village and his reputation is unwarranted).Around the age of 18, he married and had three surviving children. He may have experienced some sort of religious epiphany and traveled to a monastery, or (more likely) he was sent as a punishment by the authorities, although he didn’t actually become a monk. Here he encountered a sect of masochistic religious extremist s and developed the belief that you became closest to God when you had overcome your earthly passions and the best way to achieve this was through sexual exhaustion. Siberia had a strong tradition of extreme mysticism which Grigori fell straight into. Rasputin had a vision (again, possibly) and then left the monastery, married, and began to travel around Eastern Europe working as a mystic who claimed prophecy and healing while living off donations before returning to Siberia. Relationship with the Tsar Around 1903 Rasputin arrived in St. Petersburg, near a Russian court that was deeply interested in the esoteric and the occult. Rasputin, who combined a dirty, scruffy appearance with piercing eyes and evident charisma, and who proclaimed himself a wandering mystic, was introduced to court by members of the church and the aristocracy, who were looking for holy men of common stock who would appeal to the court, and who would thus boost their own importance. Rasputin was perfect for this, and was first introduced to the Tsar and Tsarina in 1905. The Tsar’s court had a long tradition of holy men, mystics and other esoteric people, and Nicholas II and his wife were heavily involved in the occult revival: a succession of con people and failures went through, and Nicholas thought he was in contact with his dead father.1908 saw arguably the crucial event of Rasputin’s life: he was called to the royal palace while the Tsar’s son was experiencing hemophiliac bleeding. Whe n Rasputin appeared to have aided the boy, he informed the royals that he believed the future of both the boy and the ruling Romanov dynasty were deeply connected to him. The royals, desperate on behalf of their son, felt desperately indebted to Rasputin and allowed him permanent contact. However, it was in 1912 when his position became unassailable, due to a very lucky coincidence: the Tsarina’s son fell almost fatally ill during an accident and then a coach ride and experienced a sudden recovery from a near-fatal tumor, but not before Rasputin was able to telephone through some prayers and claims to have interceded with god.During the next few years, Rasputin lived something of a double life, acting as a humble peasant while around the immediate royal family, but outside living a debauched lifestyle, humiliating and seducing noble women, as well as drinking heavily and consorting with prostitutes. The Tsar rejected complaints leveled against the mystic, even exiling some of his accusers. Compromising photographs were hushed up. However, in 1911 the dissent became so great Prime Minister Stolypin issued the Tsar with a report on Rasputin†™s actions, which prompted the Tsar to bury the facts.   The Tsarina remained both desperate for aid for her son and in Rasputin’s thrall. The Tsar, also afraid for his son, and pleased that the Tsarina was placated, now ignored all complaints.   Rasputin also pleased the Tsar: Russia’s ruler saw in him the sort of simple peasant rusticity they hoped would support them in leading a return to a more old fashioned autocracy. The royal family felt increasingly isolated and welcomed what they thought was an honest peasant friend. Hundreds would come to see him. Even his blackened fingernail clippings were taken as relics. They wanted his magical powers for their ills and his powers over the Tsarina for more earthly issues. He was a legend across Russia, and they bought him many gifts. They were the Rasputinki. He was a huge fan of the phone, and could almost always be reached for advice. He lived with his daughters. Rasputin runs Russia When in 1914 World War I began, Rasputin was in the hospital after he’d been stabbed by an assassin, and he was against the war until he did a U-turn having realized the Tsar was going ahead anyway. But Rasputin began to have doubts about his abilities, he felt he was losing them. In 1915 Tsar Nicholas personally took over the military operations to try and halt Russia’s failings, replacing a man Rasputin had arranged to have replaced. He traveled to the front, leaving Alexandria in charge of internal affairs.Rasputin’s influence was now so great he was more than simply the Tsarina’s advisor, and he began to appoint and fire people to and from positions of power, including the cabinet. The result was a carousel which depended entirely on Rasputin’s whims than any merit or status, and a swift succession of ministers who were sacked before they could learn the job. This created massive opposition to Rasputin and undermined the entire ruling Romanov re gime Murder There were several attempts on Rasputin’s life, including a stabbing and soldiers with swords, but they failed until 1916, when supporters of the autocracy- including a Prince, a Grand Duke and a member of the Duma- joined forces to kill the mystic and save the government from any further embarrassment, and stop calls to replace the Tsar. Also crucial to the plot was a personal matter: the ringleader may have been a self-hating gay man who had asked Rasputin to ‘cure’ him, but who became involved in an unusual relationship with him. Rasputin was invited to Prince Yusupov’s house, where he was given a poisoned meal, but as he failed to die immediately he was shot. Although injured Rasputin tried to flee, where he was shot again. Then the group bound Rasputin and threw him into the Neva River. He was twice buried and dug up, before being cremated by a roadside.Kerensky, a man who led the provisional government in 1917 after the revolution replaced the Tsar, a nd who knew a thing or two about failing to govern the divided nation, said that without Rasputin there would have been no Lenin. This was among the other causes of the Russian Revolution. The Romanov rulers werent just deposed, but executed by the Bolsheviks falling as Rasputin predicted.

Evaluate the validity of the reasons given by Thomas Moore for his Essay

Evaluate the validity of the reasons given by Thomas Moore for his condemnation of William Tyndale's english translation of the New Testament - Essay Example translation survived, since they were all burnt, nevertheless the New Testament translations in English as we know it today are largely the fruit of the work of William Tyndale. However, this same work was not well received in his time, largely due to the strict beliefs of the Catholic church, and this was also the grounds for the conflict in the views of Thomas Moore and William Tyndale. The major reasons for Moore’s condemnation of Tyndale’s work may be listed as follows: (a) faulty translation of certain words which provided scope for distortion of the scriptural message (b) the notion that such faulty translation made Tyndale a hypocrite and a dangerous heretic (c) the fact that Tyndale supported the King of England as the Head of the Church, thereby seriously undermining the established hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the Pope was the leader. This further substantiated Moore’s condemnation of Tyndale as a man rebelling against the Catholic c hurch. The Catholics believed in the Pope as being the head of the Church and Thomas Moore was a staunch Catholic who believed that it was indeed the Pope who had the right to be hailed as the Head of the Church. However, Tyndale offered a different view on this, that it was actually the Monarch of England who was the head of the Church, since in those days Henry VIII was the ruling head of England. Tyndale approved of the Monarch as being the Head of the Church, so long as that Monarch obeyed God. The brunt of Tyndale’s ire was expended against the corrupt church practices that existed in the Catholic church at the time and he was intent upon bringing the contents of the New testament to the attention of the lay people. The only means to do this was to translate the original Latin and Hebrew of the New Testament into simple English so that the masses among the English public would also be able to understand it. This was also in accordance with the encouragement that Tyndale provided to the

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Critical Analysis - Essay Example An example in this regard is the decision made by Ali regarding a prostitute. Although the viewer expects that Ali being a sensible person will not indulge in a relationship with a prostitute; the film yet portrays the opposite and he brings her home. This is not in accordance to the expectations of a viewer, so the film surprises the viewer. Interestingly, the same prostitute then gets killed by Ali. Here again, the story takes a twist that is least expected by the viewer; so the viewer is again surprised. This does not stop here; later Ali is sent to jail and at this point Ali becomes a character of secondary importance, while new characters like Ali’s son and the prostitute’s daughter enter the movie. In addition to using surprise as the driving force of attention of viewers, the movie utilizes yet another technique i.e. the use of coincidences. Although, this technique is often utilized in many movies, the use of this technique in this movie is unique since coincidences in this movie almost never end in positive outcomes. The viewers experience one coincidence after the other; every time expecting to get to a happy outcome; but the theme of the movie proves otherwise. Although the movie takes into account two different cultures to allow the story to progress, the writer has successfully omitted the religious and cultural aspects to make possible a smooth progression of the story. Apart from the slide shades of cultural differences that were inevitable, the movie does not promote cultural and religious differences as the main themes. This is perhaps one of the main reason of the success of this movie on a worldwide scale. Interesting to note is the presentation of human life as a function of destiny. At many points in the story, the viewer is convinced about fate as the determining factor of major outcomes. An example is that of the beating that the

E commerce. group project, MIS class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E commerce. group project, MIS class - Essay Example In the event that many people log into our site or share our advertisements and updates with their friends, we can safely conclude that the marketing aspect of the project is a success. Success would also be established by the increasing number of online donations or feedbacks. Social networks are bound to bring in plenty of feedback even those that are considerably impertinent. In an effort to isolate the effects of this kind of technology, the only thing that can really be done is actually ignore the irrelevant sort of feedback or response. The entire plan is to collect donations in the promotion of charity for the baseball team; any information pertaining to anything other than the main course is considered to be immaterial in all respects. There is always a chance of failure in every venture undertaken in business. In other words, there is no guarantee of success in this case. Therefore, in case of failure, the charity group will take to the streets and literally publicize our project to people by word of mouth. Needless to mention, it is much easier to persuade people on a personal level. All in all, we do hope that this project will work and that the reception will be worthwhile. It is a good thing what the baseball team is attempting to do for charity and we hope that the public perceives it as

The Piano Lesson by August Wilson Research Paper

The Piano Lesson by August Wilson - Research Paper Example The point of the disagreement is the piano. Boy Willie has travelled to Pittsburgh to get his portion of the piano, which is presently in the ownership of Berniece, his sister.   Boy Willie is a ruffian, and thinks that the profit from the piano gives him his finest opportunity to surpass the social and economic persecution that has troubled the men in his family (Boan 73). Yet, his vision of a better life is prevented by the refusal of Berniece to put on sale what is, she believes, a very important symbol the family’s history. All over the play, therefore, the piano becomes a criterion through which conflicting perceptions of the past could be assessed. The outcome is that Wilson has re-interpreted the difficulties of bearing the weight of history, which is at the core of his other stories, into an issue of how to use history in the most effective way. As Wilson said (Krasner 327): â€Å"The real issue is the piano, the legacy. How are you going to use it?†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Wilson dreamed of writing a ten-play series that would highlight the history of African Americans in his country. He tool on the responsibility of an ancestral ‘griot’ whose obligation was to protect and perpetuate his culture’s history and heritage: â€Å"†¦ the role of the griot is significant since it is with him we mark the beginning of African literary tradition as we know it† (Miller 97). So as to accomplish this he engaged in his ten-play series which would introduce the experience of the African Americans to his fellow citizens and to the rest of the world.

Stress response Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress response - Outline Example Stress as it is widely known and is linked to negative effects (Pond 2004). According to Braun and Anderson (2007), communication between cells is a stress response. The authors explain that a disturbance of homeostasis by harmful forces lead to stress. Additionally, stressors cause stress and can be either endogenous or exogenous. Coping with stress depends on various factors. Some of the factors that can determine ways of perceiving or coping stress are health, age, genetic factors and social support. Homeostasis reliability is a stress response. However, destruction of body tissues can occur with time in case there is an excess in response to stress. Neuroendocrine response and hormones are initiated when there is an excess to stress response. Stressors activate different patterns of response which in turn initiate different neuroendocrine pathways and neural. Stress is common to the human body because of its capability and its adaption to experience stress. Stress is regarded as negative if it persists due to challenges met by humans. Psychological impacts of stress vary depending on stressors. Study of stressors common on children or teenagers such as abuse, violence, marital problems and other stressing events in the family provide a clear view of psychological impacts of stressor. Child abuse is the most common problem in the society and has severe implications. For example, a child can view education negatively or perform poorly in school. Marital problems or divorce renders a child anti-social. The child remains depressed, anxious and less social than the peers. In adulthood stage, the child from divorced, or family with conflicts shows more stress and less friend support than a person from a family with no marital problems. Unrelieved stress causes depression, post traumatic stress disorders, panic attack conditions and drug or alc oholism addiction. Research shows that a child develops post traumatic stress disorder later in life when exposed to

The Piano Lesson by August Wilson Research Paper

The Piano Lesson by August Wilson - Research Paper Example The point of the disagreement is the piano. Boy Willie has travelled to Pittsburgh to get his portion of the piano, which is presently in the ownership of Berniece, his sister.   Boy Willie is a ruffian, and thinks that the profit from the piano gives him his finest opportunity to surpass the social and economic persecution that has troubled the men in his family (Boan 73). Yet, his vision of a better life is prevented by the refusal of Berniece to put on sale what is, she believes, a very important symbol the family’s history. All over the play, therefore, the piano becomes a criterion through which conflicting perceptions of the past could be assessed. The outcome is that Wilson has re-interpreted the difficulties of bearing the weight of history, which is at the core of his other stories, into an issue of how to use history in the most effective way. As Wilson said (Krasner 327): â€Å"The real issue is the piano, the legacy. How are you going to use it?†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Wilson dreamed of writing a ten-play series that would highlight the history of African Americans in his country. He tool on the responsibility of an ancestral ‘griot’ whose obligation was to protect and perpetuate his culture’s history and heritage: â€Å"†¦ the role of the griot is significant since it is with him we mark the beginning of African literary tradition as we know it† (Miller 97). So as to accomplish this he engaged in his ten-play series which would introduce the experience of the African Americans to his fellow citizens and to the rest of the world.

Describe DoD Dir 8570.1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe DoD Dir 8570.1 - Assignment Example The policy positions the professional security information as a distinctive job series and facilitates effectiveness as well as cost-efficiency of commercial certification in America. The directive recognizes the international standard - ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024 as it provides a portable certification accepted in the private and public sectors. The directive has far-reaching implications that provide a neutral measure of quality of skills, knowledge, and abilities that every military personnel possesses (a way to standardize enterprise –wide certification). The policy eliminates consistent problems in the future that can be as a result of lack of regulated global recognized qualifications by providing a metric that can be measured easily and reliably (Bieber, 2008). In addition, the directive encourages military personnel to develop and evolve their skills and knowledge in continuing professional education; upgrade those skills and keep them current. It also tries to reduce language disparity in the future between makers of information security policy and those that implement the policy. Therefore, this directive serves as the vanguard for identifying security needs and policy-making requirements that are essential for national and governmental reforms in the future (Smith, 2009) Cooper, S., Nickell, C., Piotrowski, V., Oldfield, B., Abdallah, A., Bishop, M. & Brynielsson, J. (2010). An exploration of the current state of information assurance education. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 41(4),

Anthropology Essay Example for Free

Anthropology Essay Anthropology is the study of humans and society and cultures within that society. It studies how we as people evolve and change based on different locations in the world and different ways in which we are raised. Culture is learned through childhood and growing up watching how things are done and learning what actions are deemed acceptable. So when you are an anthropologist and step back to look at different societies, you are able to see difference between the same human in rituals, work, and the basic things they do to survive. Anthropologist look at different historical actions and the present day lives of citizens in culture to understand differences between themselves and the culture and society they are studying and may even take part in. Anthropology raises some issues within one culture while studying other cultures normal way of life. In order to understand what you are seeing and studying, you must actually watch or take part in other cultures and see what and especially why they do certain things. This can bring up questions of ethics. When people go to other places to study and learn other’s culture you must try to leave your culture and way of life behind. Anthropologists are not around to spread what they deem the best culture but to learn and understand what other cultures do and why they do those certain things. In the past, Anthropology was studying people far away from you with different types of lives and cultures. Recently, however anthropology has become the study of cultures you may actually take part in. Learning and improving upon yourself and your way of life. Anthropologists also study of all different things from the way culture is passed on, survives through the generations, and how people use culture in different societies to solve unexplainable events, disease, and way to act in a culture.

The involvement of IMF in the Economic development of Nigeria

The involvement of IMF in the Economic development of Nigeria Has the economic integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF enhanced its economic development? Research Issue: This question has contested several evoking and vigorous answers- following the ambiguities and contradictions of the IMF concepts that have riddled its purpose, and has therefore, created an enormous uncertainty and complexity which evidently is raising new anxieties and threats to human security and development especially in underdeveloped economies. Method: My main source of information will be from secondary data such as: Google books, articles, books and journals. I will apply a qualitative method approach. Purpose: The objective of this term paper is to analyse some economic indictors such as GDP, inflation and other economic variables from these secondary data to see if the integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF has enhance the economic development of Nigeria or rather distorted its development. Keywords: Globalisation, Economic Development, IMF, Nigeria, GDP, Economic growth, Inflation, dependent theory, Liberal Theory, Abbreviations GDP: Gross Domestic Product SAP: Structural Adjustment Programme OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade WTO: World Trade Organisation IMF: International Monetary Fund CBN: Central Bank of Nigeria NEEDS: National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy MNCs: Multi National Companies LDCs: Least Developed Countries PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme FDI: Foreign Direct Investment OAU: Organisation of African Union MAN: Manufacturing Association of Nigeria NEITI: Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative NACCIMA: Nigeria Association of Chambers of Commerce. Industry, Mines and Agriculture NIEC: National Economic Intelligence Committee NASSI: Nigeria Association of Small Scale Industrial 1. INTRODUCTION The economic of Nigeria and as other British colonies has been under great influence dating back to 1846 when the protective barriers or duties on agricultural imports were abolished. By 1860, all trace of restriction on trade and tariff restrictions were removed and an era of free trade imperialism treaties begun .The imposition of the Free Trade by the British on its colonies and informal empire to obligatory maintain low tariffs by treaties with the chief aim of reducing their sovereignty in commercial matter and giving extraterritorial right to foreigners (Angus Maddison, World Economy, April 2001). The two world wars shattered this liberal order and caused the collapse of capital flows and the beggar-your-neighbour trade system. However, by 1950 to 1973 a significant fast growth in the world economy was recorded and that era was referred to as the golden age. This growth was due to several reasons but mainly because of the creation of a liberal international order by advanced capitalist countries with explicit and rational codes of behaviour and institutions for co-operation (OEEC, OECD, IMF, World Bank and the GATT) in order to avoid the incur of the beggar-your-neighbour behaviour of the pre war years(Angus Maddison). However, Nigeria and the rest of the 168 countries of the world were considered falter in their economic development because of the alarming deterioration in economic performance of these countries after the golden age. This liberal international order is known as globalisation today. The issue of the faltering economies of this heterogeneous group of 168 countries has brought questions, opinions and views of pros and cons of globalisation. Some believe that globalisation has made the world healthier while other believes the contrary. Theodore Leavitt(1983) to explain globalisation market state that We live in a rapid globalising world and certain national identifiers like taste, technology, market and finance are no longer constrained by national boundaries. They operate on a global basis. The defining features of globalisation are interdependence and connectedness of the economics, politics and culture of nations and not uniformity of markets and taste of a single country (Yong M, 1989). The more these economies integrate, on the one hand; the more new ideas about politics, education, entertainment and services and expansion of local culture perimeters are reinforced and diffused. On the other hand, the international network becomes increasingly complex and unpredictable. Beside, as is known fact that, virtually all humans are opportunistic; hardly would nations work together and not want to outwit one another either to gain an economic, social or military advantage. While considering the complexity of economic growth through integration. The question will be, is it possible for underdeveloped economies to transform into vibrant economies for growth and development amidst this complexity? Well, base on the complexity and competitiveness of the developed economies over those of the underdeveloped economies and the implicit backing of these developed economies by international global institutions such as the OECD, WTO, GATT, IMF, and World Bank, a sustainable economic growth of these underdeveloped economies is slim. This has aroused great criticisms and close examination of the impact of globalisation on the development process of these underdeveloped economies because of the continual retardation of these economies. This persistent situation has resulted to the debt crisis of many of these economies and had led to sheer poverty, squalor, deprivation, frustration and worst political instability. 1.1 Globalisation The term globalisation is frequently used but seldom defined because of the vast interpretation of its phenomenon and perhaps its multiple manifestations of its prevailing trend. It has become a buzzword of the century often use to describe everything that is happening in the world today. Since its advent, a once thought big world is made into a much smaller place where the interaction between different countries and economies of the world are increasingly integrated by factors like internet, TV, radio and mobile phones and the creation of institution like World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Bank and International Financial Institutions (IFIs) has expanded international trade and also portfolio of investment such as foreign loans, international policies Brittan (1998:2) viewed globalisation as a whirlwind of relentless and disruptive change which leaves governments helpless and leaves a trail of economic, social, cultural and environmental problem in its wakes. My own interpretation of globalisation is that: Globalisation is the marginalisation of the underdeveloped economies by the developed economies for their self sustainability purposes. 1.2 Research Question Has the economic integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF enhanced its economic development? 1.3 Research Issue This question has contested several evoking and vigorous answers- following the ambiguities and contradictions of the IMF concepts that have riddled its purpose, and has therefore, created an enormous uncertainty and complexity which evidently is raising new anxieties and threats to human security and development especially in underdeveloped economies. 1.4 Research Objective The objective of this term paper is to analyse some economic indictors such as GDP, inflation and other economic variables from these secondary data to see if the integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF has enhance the economic development of Nigeria or rather distorted its development. 1.5 Paper Design There are about six different research designs (Philosophical, Literature review, and Case study, Survey, Evaluation and Experiment) but I will be choosing two among these six research designs. Philosophical: its often used to examine a research issue from another perspective because it is based on existing literature. Literature review: this design aim at summering data already collected for a particular topic. When data are qualitative, the analysis of this data can create new knowledge and perspectives on the matter previously put forward. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Nigeria, a country located at the trigger point of Africa and the envy of all African states was forecasted by economists to transcend ahead of most of the African states in her economic development to become the giant of Africa and the international economic trade centre such as Dubai, central Asia and China of today. These believe and forecasts were not just based on mere passive ideas but on concrete facts of the availability of natural resources, human resources and huge market base in Nigeria. With the boost in agriculture and earning top dollar from the exportation of black gold, Nigeria discovered oil; the money spinner, at Oloibiri in present Bayelsa state in 1956. Nigeria got her independence in 1960 and was seen as nature goes perfect blessed with good climate and vast fertile agricultural land almost twice the size of England with high human resource index and huge market base. With the abundant untapped natural resources, it was logical for anyone and not only economist to have thought that the involvement of economics experts such as the IMF and the World Bank in the running of Nigeria economy will accelerate its transition to attained socio-economic stability being that these institutions main goals and objectives are to provide avenues for proper allocation of resources, monitoring of balance of payment, evaluating and rendering technical assistance through economic Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). However, as the saying goes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦with great wealth comes greater problems. Today, the oil-rich Nigerian economy suffers from long hobbled political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management. There is an acute growth in income poverty and worse of all, human poverty- this implies, the denial of choices and opportunities to live a tolerable life (United Nations, 1997) and the fundamental freedom of action and choice to influence key decision affecting their lives. Apart from oil, the strength of Nigeria economy lies in its rich agricultural resource base. From the 1980s agricultural productivity was recorded to be on constant declination due to abandonment for oil and that gave raise to rampant rural poverty. This has rendered the economy vulnerable to external shocks which emanates from the fluctuations in world oil prices and the rising of imports prices, therefore creating an external and internal imbalances. These imbalances manifested difficulty in balance of payment, unemployment and low utilisation capacity in all sectors, and deterioration in purchasing power. Between 1982 and 1994, the debt stock of Nigeria rose at an average rate of 17% which means, stock of external debt increased by a factor of 33 in 22 years aside from domestic debt (Iyoha, 1997). Today, Nigerias public debt is more than 75% of its GDP with the effective debt to export ratio being more than 200%. This ironically has shoot up Nigeria to be Africas biggest debtor with about $ 28.5billion to its external creditor and debt service payments of $3.3billion in 2002 alone and that is expected to be on constant rise (Debt Management Office, 2002). The growth rate of Nigeria external and domestic debt was 9.4% in 2002 against the GDP growth rate of 3.3% and the external growth rate of -6.7% with the average GDP per capita annual growth rate of -0.4%(CBN Annual Report, 2002). Figure : Growth Rate of GDP, Income Per Capital and Total Dept Source: CBN Statistical Bulletin 1999 and CBN Annual Reports and Statements of Accounts 2002 During the 1960s, Nigeria never observed double- digit inflation. By 1976, the inflation rate stood at 23%. It decreased to 11.8% in 1979 and gun shoot to 41% and 72.8% by 1989 and 1995 respectively which marked the early period of the IMF Structural Adjustment Programm (SAP). Trend of gross domestic product of Nigeria at market prices Table : Inflation, GDP and Exchange Rate Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange Inflation Index (2000=100) Per Capita Income (as  % of USA) 1980 50,849 0.78 Naira 1.30 7.22 1985 98,619 2.83 Naira 3.20 1.87 1990 286,374 8.94 Naira 8.10 1.49 1995 1,928,642 54.36 Naira 56 1.28 2000 4,676,394 102.24 Naira 100 1.11 2005 14,894,454 131.01 Naira 207 1.96 For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 150.00 Nigerian Naira only.(IMF) Based on the impact of inflation, the per capita GDP today remains lower than in 1960 when Nigeria declared independence. By 2005, Nigerias inflation rate was estimated to be 15.6 percent and the GDP was composed of the following sectors: agriculture, 26.8 percent; industry, 48.8 percent; and services, 24.4 percent. (NEEDS) It is to be observed in the first graph; the growth in GDP from 1970-1978 was recorded to be 3.1% annually and 1972 to 1973 was the oil boom era; there was a remarkable growth in GDP of approximately 6.2% annually. However, in the 1980s to the 90s, Nigeria started to have negative GDP growth rates. This period constitutes the Structural Adjustment Program and economic liberalisation in Nigeria by the IMF and since then the economic has responded to a 4.0% positive GDP growth rate. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of the structural Adjustment Programmes introduced by IFIs (IMF) through globalisation on economic development of the underdeveloped economies (Nigeria as case study). This will be by the application of two economic theories (dependency, liberal) and observation of the three economic development variables. The two economics theories will help to give more light on the analysis of the persistent poverty in the underdeveloped world, Nigeria especially, while the variables to demonstrate economic development. My choice of Nigeria as a case study is due to its idyllic background as a country of immense natural and human resources but 70% of its population live below the poverty line (World Bank). I will concentrate on IMF conditionality and its influence on the economic development of Nigeria. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Economic Development There are numerous definitions for economic development as there are people who practice it. Economic development means different things to different people, which today makes the definition of economic development harder than ever in a more concrete and salient terms. Gonà §alo L Fonsesca at the New School for Social Research defines economic development as the analysis of the economic development of nations. The University of Iowas Centre for International Finance and Development states that: Economic development or development is a term that economists, politicians, and others have used frequently in the 20th century. The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernization, and especially Industrialization are other terms people have used when discussing economic development. Although no one is sure where the concept originated, most people agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism and the demise of feudalism. From other perspective, economic development involves the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capitol and entrepreneurship in ways which has positive effect on the level of business activity, employment, income distribution patterns, and fiscal solvency. 3.1.1 The Imperative of Economic development Professor Dudley Seers argues development is about outcomes and development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. The 21st century view of development encompasses a countrys consensus to achieve sustainable growth, poverty reduction, gender equality, human development, environmental protection, institutional transformation and human right protection. To put it concisely, development is the ultimate aspiration of modern economies, it is the upward movement of a countrys entire social system. More to the point, development is the removal of any host of undesirable condition that may perpetrate a state of underdevelopment. Economic growth is a prerequisite for economic development. Facilitating increase in the output of major sectors of production of the economy, such as natural resource and manufacturing either by the improvement of the structural system such as technology, will lead to economic growth. (Todaro, 1994) Kuznets (1971) defined economic growth as a long term rise in capacity to supply increasingly diverse economic goods to its population; this growing capacity is based on advancing technology and the institutional and ideological adjustments that it demands The obstacle facing most of these developing countries is the ability to create a more conducive atmosphere for essential use and harnessing of economic resources. The obstacle has increase anxiety by the increase of economic liberalism that promotes free movement of capital that tends to undermine and marginalise indolent economies. This interdependent global economic dispensation has given rise to disparities among countries of the world on the attainment of economic growth. 3.1.2 Growth versus Development However, before I go further, I will like to state that; there is a considerable difference between economic growth and development. I may just frankly state that, economic development is a terminology used to refer to the underdeveloped countries and while economic growth refers to the developed countries. Economists Peter Bearse and Roger Vaughan write that: Development is a qualitative change, which entails changes in the structural system of the economy, including innovations in institutions, behaviours, and technologies which enhance growth, While Growth is a quantitative change in the scale of the economy in terms of investment, output, consumption, and income Amartya Sen state that: Development requires the removal of major sources of poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Hence, on one hand, economic development can not be achieve without growth because it can be conceived as a multi-Dimensional process or phenomena-increase in per capital income, increase in GNP and improve living standard of the population but, on the other hand, growth is possible without development for the mere fact that it is measured as the increase in GNP, it does not have any other parameter. 3.1.3 Historical development of the term To continue it will be necessary to show how this term economic development has evolved over time to include a wider variety of variables and not just focus on economic growth. Economic development is a term conceptualised as a branch of economics in the early 20th century in reverence to growth and industrialisation in the capitalist society by the classical school of economics. However, this school of thought did not put to consideration countries like Africa, Latin America and Asia but rather an opposite reflection of the developed world that will catch up in time. (History of Economic thought, 2008) Economists after the World War II become more concerned about the low standard of living in so many countries, especially due to decolonisation. The aim of the term changed to include not only the Western world but also the less developed which in fact made most of the population of the globe. Therefore, important reservations were made as opposed to the ultimate objective of the study of economics to include other variable rather than only economic growth. With fast change in the political geography of the world, the need for the formation of supranational bodies (IMF, OECD and World Bank) that would oversee the smooth progress of the developing nations became necessary. The responsibilities of these institutions are to work hand-in-hand with the local government of the underdeveloped nations to sustain and accelerate growth speeding up progress of economic development of these nations. Many believed that economic development started as capitalism but as time went by and changes occurred, the term shifted from capital oriented concept to identify human capital endowments developed by Schultz (1951) as the primary obstacle to the realization of the potential economies of scale inherent in the industrialization of developing countries. Singer (1964) contributed further more to this social development by including health and fertility into the picture. Incorporating elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment in the equation by Dudley Seers (1969) gave a notable change in defining the term economic development By 1977 Seers developed a structuralised theory which included social development and economic growth to the overall definition of economic development. As of this point, reservations were made for the third world countries because of the distinctive characteristic that differentiated them from the western countries. Later on, privatisation was introduced such as foreign MNCs as a factor in the economic development of least developed countries (LDCs) by the Neo-Liberals in the 1980s. (History of Economic Thought, 2008) Definition of Economic Development I decided to put a definition of Economic Development that would best fit my analysis of a third world country. Economic development is the fundamental process of increasing the factors of productive capacity- land, labour, capital, and technology -through sustainable growth from a simple, low-income to a modern high-income national, state or local economy. Its scope includes the process and policies of using its resources and powers to reduce the risks and costs which could inhibit investment but improves the economic, political and social well-being of its peoples. 3.2 Economic Theories The crisis facing the underdeveloped countries can not be accurately and properly analysed without the examination of some theories underpinning the problem. These crises have triggered scholar and writers with different theories, explanations and research projects aimed at solving and bringing to light the causes and complexities surrounding these crises. (Baran, 1957, Frank, 1971) maintained that dependency theory is the best for understanding the causes of the crises. While others argue that development theory (Rostowe, 1960) or economic explanations (Offiong, 1980) give a more lucid view. Yet, there are others who contended that political explanations (Migdal, 1988) or the liberal theory (Burchil, 1996) is of most important. For the purpose of this paper, I will consider the dependency and liberal economic theories 3.2.1 Dependency theory The economy of Nigeria is in doldrums from the recent pandemic crisis of capitalism. Though it has always been a battered economy which has been suffering from a form of Dutch Disease socio-economic hardship and where the poor masses benefited nothing from the boom in the annals of Nigeria. Nigerians naively thought that for not being fully integrated into the world economy, they could at worst receive a mere scratch from this contagious capitalism crisis. However, this economic maelstrom was made truly global by globalisation. Andre Gunder Frank, one of the earliest dependency theorists, made it quite clear on this point, historical research demonstrates that contemporary underdevelopment is in large part the historical product of past and continuing economic and other relations between the satellite underdeveloped and the now developed metropolitan countries. Furthermore, these relations are an essential part of the capitalist system on a world scale as a whole.(Andre Gunder Frank, The Development of Underdevelopment, in James D. Cockcroft, Andre Gunder Frank, and Dale Johnson, eds., Dependence and Underdevelopment. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1972, p). 3. This view shows that capitalism promotes greed and blind pursuit of profit. The enforcement of international division of labour is the one proof but the most explicit manifestation of this doctrine is the Comparative Advantage characteristic. This division of labour (dependent and dominant states) is largely responsible for the underdevelopment of large areas of the world. The osmotic act that occurs in this system provides at large an ultimate explanation for the persistence of poverty in these areas of the world. The dependent states are made to supply cheap minerals, agricultural commodities, and cheap labour and these economies also serve as the repositories of surplus capital, obsolescent technologies and manufactured goods. This flow of goods, money and service into the dependent states are considered functions which orient these economies towards the outside. However, these dependent states have little or no influence to determine the allocation of their resources; it is rathe r determined by the economic interests of the dominant states. This division is considered by the capitalist a necessity for efficient allocation of resources. Dependency theory can be an explanation of economic development of a state in term of the external influences (political, economic, and cultural) on national development policies. (Osvaldo Sunkel, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 6, no. 1, October 1969, p. 23) Dependency can be define with emphasis on historical dimension asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an historical condition which shapes a certain structure of the world economic such that it favours some countries (Dominant states) on the detriment of others(dependent) and therefore limits the development possibilities of the subordinate economics. This a situation which the economy of a certain group of countries is put under unfavourable condition by the development and expansion of another economy, to which their own is subjected. (Theotonio Dos Santos, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, 1971, p. 226) However, there are serious disagreements among the various strains of dependency theorists. Although there are some core propositions which seem to underlie the analyses of most dependency theorist, nonetheless there are vigorous and challenging debates among the liberal reformers (Prebisch), the Marxists (Andre Gunder Frank), and the world theorists (Waller Stein) on the dependency theory. 3.2.1.1 The Core Propositions of Dependency Theory There are contestable numbers of propositions, which form the core of dependency theory. I will take two out of these numerous propositions because the suit my paper: 1. Underdevelopment is a condition fundamentally different from undevelopment. The latter term simply refers to a condition in which resources are not being used, while Underdevelopment refers to a situation in which resources are being actively used, but used in a way which benefits dominant states and not the poorer states in which the resources are found. 2. The distinction between underdevelopment and undevelopment places the LDCs countries of the world in a profoundly different historical context such as behind or catching up to the developed countries of the world. 3.2.2 Liberal Economic Theory Capitalism has failed to develop Nigeria, despite it huge natural and human resources. The Nigerians with necessary lesson incur from capitalism needed an alternative for economic -oriented revolution. The neo-liberal saw this as an opportunity to present itself as an economic alternative system for Nigeria and Africa as a whole. Since then, Nigeria has been compelled to swallow one economic prescription after the other such as IMF and World Bank imposed reforms; SAP (Structural Adjustment Program), PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) etc. and now NEEDS (National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy), yet poverty still persist. The World Banks seminal report title: Sub -Sahara Africa (1999) signified an ideology that retain both emphasis upon domestic sources of economic malaise and the faith in liberal economic policies which has a twin resemblance to belated centrality of state and accountable government to sustained the capitalist development.(Sandbrook, 1993:2) This report claim that Africa needs not only good governance but better governments that will concentrate more on trade liberalisation and not on direct intervention. Hence, a proposal of the conversion of the monopolistic Africa states by IMF and World Bank into liberal democracies linked to enlarge and rejuvenated private sector and to build a reformed states institutional capacity are formulations of neo-liberal capitalist to teach poor nations the good old fashion fiscal discipline. To say in a clear statement, liberal economic theory is manoeuvre of the western capitalist to have continuous clutch on the underdeveloped countries championed by the Financial Institutions (IFIs). The major argument is that economic liberalization has provided the flow of foreign investment into the underdeveloped countries, as the means of reducing trade and exchange restrictions. This idea was that in the process of homogenizing the political economy of every member states of the international community, the creation of a market society on a global scale is achieved (Biersteker, 1993). Professor Mason Gaffney, a renowned America economist stated that the neo-classical economics present us with choices often too hard a dilemma. According to him, these dilemmas are choices of sacrifices that are not favourable for government to undertake and at the same time developed. For efficiency, government must sacrifice equity; to attract business government must lower taxes so much as to cause the closure of libraries and starve the schools; to prevent inflation government must keep a huge unfortunates rate of unemployment; to make jobs government must chew up land and pollute the world; to motivate workers there must be unequal wealth distribution and so on. These dilemmas have provided the solid reasons that contribute to the present poverty in the underdeveloped countries and these are by imposition of free market strictures on the underdeveloped countries by the powerful trans -national bodies (IFIs) which personify free trade liberalism as part of their governing ideology. They lock peripheral states into agreement which forces them to lower their protective barriers thereby preventing the underdeveloped nations from developing trade profiles which diverge from the model dictated by their supposed comparative advantage. Burchill et al, (1996) stated that; the IMF and the World Bank for example, are responsible for the provision of finance assistance(or more accurately debt) to underdeveloped societies upon

GMS Contract :: essays research papers

The new GMS contract PCTs should consider how community pharmacists can be better engaged to help general practice meet the targets in the GMS quality framework and as an alternative provider of enhanced GMS services. In some cases, the core services proposed as part of the new pharmacy contract will actually ensure GP practices meet certain quality standards. The National Pharmaceutical Association (NPA) resource pack ‘A quick reference guide to the Quality Indicators in the new GMS contract’ describes the key quality indicators, what services community pharmacy can offer to support GP practices and examples of the published evidence base. This is available in the NPA section of DrugInfoZone at . The new pharmacy contractThe DH, the NHS Confederation and the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC) are currently negotiating a new pharmacy contract which will be implemented during 2004 .The proposed framework for the new pharmacy contract is as follows:Essen tial servicesEssential services will form the core of the pharmacy contract and be provided by all pharmacies. These services include:DispensingFind out morewww.druginfozone.nhs.uk/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 3 Vision’ contains clear signposts on the future direction of community pharmacy service development. For example it states that â€Å"Pharmacy is an integral part of the NHS family. We want to see pharmacists strengthening their contribution to the provision of high quality, patient centred NHS services.† ‘The Vision’particularly emphasises the role for community pharmacists in the public health agenda and medicines management, and stresses the importance of having a pharmacist on the PEC.‘A Vision for Pharmacy in the new NHS’ is available at . Full responses from the national pharmacy bodies are available at their respective websites atand A summary of responses to ‘The Vision’ is available at Proposals to reform and modernise the NHS (pharmaceutical services) regulations 1992 The Government is currently developing proposals for changes in the control of entry regulations.The key changes that PCTs need to be aware of (within the cu rrent DH consultation) are:Secondary legislation may introduce the concepts of â€Å"consumer choice and competition† within the definitions of necessary and desirable, which are used to judge pharmacy contract applications.Exemptions for pharmacies in shopping developments of over 15,000 square metres, those planning to open 100 hours per week and those who are â€Å"part of consortium to develop new one stop centres† may be given. However in relation to exemptions, an exemption may only be given if the pharmacy is going to provide a â€Å"full and prescribed range of services, appropriate to local needs, as determined by the PCT†.

Myopia In Asian Countries Health And Social Care Essay

Vision consequences from entryway of visible radiation into the oculus and the reading of this stimulation by the encephalon. For a normal oculus, visible radiation is focused to a topographic point on the retina. This message would so be sent to the encephalon to be interpreted as a message. Ocular sharp-sightedness is defined as the lucidity or acuteness of vision, which is the ability of the oculus to see and separate mulct inside informations. [ 1 ] . The cornea is the most powerful refracting surface of the optical system of the oculus, accounting for two-thirds of the oculus ‘s focusing power. Production of a crisp image at the retinal receptors requires corneal transparence and appropriate refractile power. The refractile power of the cornea depends on its curvature and the difference in refractile indexes between it and air [ 9 ] . Refractive mistakes occur when the curve of the cornea is irregularly shaped ( excessively steep or excessively level ) . When the cornea is of normal form and curvature, it bends, or refracts, visible radiation on the retina with preciseness. However, when the curve of the cornea is irregularly shaped, the cornea bends light amiss on the retina.A [ 15 ] When the cornea is curved excessively much, or if the oculus is excessively long, far-off objects will look blurry because they are focused in forepart of the retina. This is called nearsightedness, or nearsightedness. Hyperopia, or presbyopia, is the antonym of nearsightedness. Distant objects are clear, and close-up objects appear blurry. With hypermetropia, images focus on a point beyond the retina. Hyperopia consequences from an oculus that is excessively short. Astigmatism is a status in which the uneven curvature of the cornea fuzzs and distorts both distant and close objects. A normal cornea is round, with even curves from side to side and exceed to bottom. With astigmia, the cornea is curved more in one way than in another. This causes light beams to hold more than one focal point and concentrate on two separate countries of the retina, falsifying the ocular image. [ 15 ] Measurement of corneal curvature/power can be performed with a assortment of instruments, most normally aA keratometer, A IOLMaster, orA corneal topographyA device. Corneal curvature is normally used forA IOLA computations and cornealA refractile surgery. It is besides helpful for contact lens fitting and observing irregular astigmia. [ 5 ] The primary purpose of this survey is to look into the relationship between corneal curvature and grade of refractile mistake among emmetropic and myopic immature population in Malaysia and to find the standard value of corneal curvature of immature population.1.2 Research inquiryQuestion 1: Does corneal curvature vary significantly with different province of refractile mistake? Question 2: What are the scope of readings of corneal curvature of emmetropic and myopic immature topics? Question 3: Is there any different between horizontal and perpendicular curvature of the cornea?1.3 Aims of the survey1.3.1 General aimThe general aim of this survey is to look into the relationship between corneal curvature and refractile position among emmetropic and myopic immature patients in IIUM Kuantan Campus.1.3.2 Specific aimsTo find whether corneal curvature varies significantly with refractile mistake. To compare the readings of corneal curvature between emmetropic and myopic immature topics. To place the normal scope of corneal curvature for emmetropic and myopic immature topics. To place whether there is any different between horizontal and perpendicular curvature of the cornea. To look into the function of corneal curvature in refractile province among Malayan population.Hypothesis of the surveyThere is no important relationship between corneal curvature and refractile position.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Prevalence of nearsightedness in Asiatic statesNational Eye Survey done in Malaysia [ 2,3 ] found the prevalence of ocular damage was 2.7 % . The prevalence was higher in rural countries ( 2.9 % ) as compared to urban countries ( 2.5 % ) . The prevalence of ocular damage in rural population in Selangor has been reported to change from 5.6 % to 18.9 % in which they found that among the patients go toing the Eye Clinic at University Malaya Medical Centre, the most common cause of ocular damage in kids was refractile mistakes, whereas in aged patient ocular damage is due to cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. [ 4 ] Myopia is a common cause for ocular damage among immature population in Asia. Estimates of the proportion of nearsightedness in the immature population in Asia ranged from 30 % to 65 % ( Saw et al. 1996 ; Chow et al. 1990 ) , and the prevalence was found to be greater among Chinese people ( Wensor et al. 1999 ; Sperduto et Al. 1983 ) . In Malaysia, the prevalence of nearsightedness found among Malay, Chinese and Indian schoolchildren was 47 % , 20 % and 19.4 % severally ( Garner et al.1990 ; Chung et Al. 1995 ; Saadah et Al. 2002 ) . With the increasing rates of nearsightedness, orthokeratology and refractile surgery such as LASIK, has become rather popular in Asia. When set abouting such processs to rectify nearsightedness, corneal curvature is an of import consideration in order to forestall the cornea from going excessively level after the intervention. [ 6 ]2.2 The importance of corneal curvatureCorneal curvature is normally used forA IOLA computations and cornealA refractile sur gery. It is besides helpful for contact lens fitting and observing irregular astigmia ( Friedman, 2009 ) . Measurements of cardinal and peripheral corneal curvature are utile for naming and supervising corneal conditions such as keratoconus and for supervising corneal form following optic surgery6-10 or refractile processs such as orthokeratology. [ 13 ] Liu Z. , Pflugfelder SC, ( 2000 ) studied on the effects of long-run contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity. They found that the corneal curvature, maximal keratometry ( Max K ) and minimal keratometry ( Min K ) readings, were significantly steeper in eyes have oning contact lenses than normal eyes ( PA & lt ; 0.01 for Max K and Min K measured by both instruments ) .In foregrounding the importance of corneal curvature in IOL computations, Schena LB ( 2008 ) cited from Dr. Majmudar, in patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres ( based on keratometer measurings ) . However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if testers merely rely on the topography, they may be off, and for every 1 dioptr e off in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile result. [ 11 ]Besides that, keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation by observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A [ 16 ]Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who ha ve non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and th e value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurat ing the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile result. â€Å" Top of Form Bariah et Al. ( 2009 ) suggested that every demographic has a different norm and scope of corneal curvature values and its relationship to the grade of nearsightedness among normal population.2.3 Corneal curvature in hyperope, emmetrope and myopeIn research by Bariah et Al. ( 2009 ) , consequences from keratometer measuring indicated that the mean of corneal curvature for the all myopic immature topics was 7.74 A ± 0.52 millimeter, with 7.87 A ± 0.28 millimeter for Chinese topics and 7.60 A ± 0.66 millimeter for Malays. In survey by Mainstone JC et Al ( 2010 ) , the correlativity between corneal radius of curvature and spherical equivalent refractile mistake was non statistically important ( r2 = 0.038, p =0.2609 ) . A antecedently study by Carney LG et Al. showed that there is a inclination for the cornea to flatten less quickly in the fringe with increasing nearsightedness. This suggests that there are corneal form alterations that occur in nearsighted eyes, possibly as a consequence of unnatural optic growing, that are non seen in hypermetropic eyes because a different mechanism of refractile mistake development operates in this latter group. However, a research by Bariah et Al ( 2009 ) with average refractile mistake in spherical equivalent was -3.50 A ± 2.10 DS, they found that there is hapless correlativities between myopic refractile mistake and corneal curvature ( r = 0.246, P & gt ; 0.05 ) . On the other manus, a recent survey by Iyamu E et Al. ( 2010 ) on a Nigerian population found that there was a important positive correlativity between corneal curvature and spherical tantamount refraction. ANOVA showed that the difference in average corneal curvature across the refractile position groups was statistically important ( F = 27.9, df = 2, 67, P & lt ; 0.0001 ) . Post hoc trial with Fisher ‘s LSD showed that myopes had steeper corneas than the other two groups ( steeper by 0.27 millimeters than that of hyperopes, and 0.28 millimeter than that of emmetropes ) . The additive arrested development theoretical account is represented by: CRC = 7.853 + 0.069SER. From the equation it can be predicted that for every 1.00D addition in nearsightedness, the cornea is steepened by about 0.07 millimeters.2.4 Measuring corneal curvature utilizing PentacamA ®The Pentacam has become a popular clinical device for measuring the anterior section of the oculus since its launch in 200 4. It contains a Scheimpflug camera that rotates through 360 grades and captures 25 or 50 Scheimpflug slit images within two seconds. Each image shows a cross-section of the cornea and the anterior section. The images contain 500 informations points and up to 25,000 points ( 50 slits A? 500 informations points ) are measured to assorted parametric quantities and to build a 3-dimensional cornea. The Pentacam is capable of mensurating topographic corneal thickness, anterior and posterior corneal topography, anterior chamber deepness and angle and corneal aberrances. It besides provides parametric quantities such as corneal volume and keratometric power difference, which offer new and proficient analyses of the cornea, severally. [ 13 ] For historical grounds, most Placido topographers and keratometers use the refractile index of 1.3375 for the refractile power of the cornea. This refractile index is really wrong even for the untreated oculus ( n~1,332 ) and assumes a changeless ratio between the front tooth and posterior curvature of the cornea. As many IOL power computation expressions use the wrong ‘K-reading ‘ straight an empirical rectification is needed in the terminal to set the correct IOL power in these expressions even in normal instances. [ 12 ] In a survey by Chen D. et Al, the Pentacam system was shown to be extremely dependable in the Sim K measurings, at both the front tooth and posterior corneal surfaces ( Cronbach ‘s alpha trial, I ± a†°? 0.990 ; intraclass correlativity coefficient, ICC a†°? 0.972 ) . The Orbscan is another normally used corneal topographer. It is based on a intercrossed system integrating both the Placido phonograph record and scanning slit rules. Similar to the Pentacam, the Orbscan is non-invasive, simple to utilize and quick, nevertheless, old surveies found the Orbscan to hold questionable public presentation in topographic pachymetry and in the rating of anterior21 and posterior corneal curvatures. [ 14 ]Chapter 3MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy countryLocation of survey is at Clinic of Optometry International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan.3.2 Study designThe survey is an experimental case-control survey. The parametric quantities for the collected informations will be performed on both eyes. Data will be collected from each topic on a individual visit.3.3 Subject of the survey3.3.1 Sampling of the surveySampling of the survey is convenient trying. Subjects who fulfilled the inclusion standards for the survey are invited to take part in the survey.Sample si zeThe sample size will be based on the survey by Bariah et Al ( 2009 ) â€Å" Corneal Thickness and Curvature of One Sample of Young Myopic Population in Malaysia † where the topics consisted of 84 myopic university. Should mention the latest paper with groups comparison â€Å" Ocular Dimensions of Young Malays in Malaysia † ( Bariah Mohd-Ali, and Muhammad Afzam Shah Abdul-Rahim, and Zainora Mohammed, and Norhani Mohidin, ( 2011 ) Ocular dimensions of immature Malayans in Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 9 ( 1 ) . pp. 35-39. ISSN 1675-8161. On the sample size computation, refer to relevant old paper and enter the respective values ( mean, standard divergence etc. ) in this web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stat.ubc.ca/~rollin/stats/ssize/n2.htmlSample of the surveySample of the survey comprised of groups of emmetropic and myopic immature topics.Subject ‘s inclusion standardsAge between 20 to 26 old ages old. VA at distance 6/6 or better. VA at near N5 at 33 centimeter or better. Refractive power between +0.50 DS to -0.50 DS and a†°? – 2.00 Darmstadtium Non-contact lens wearer. Soft contact lens wearer less than 5 old ages are permitted provided lenses were non worn on the twenty-four hours of proving Good optic wellness tested with slit lamp and fundus scrutiny. Good general wellness taken from self-report.Subject ‘s exclusion standardsRigid contact lens wearer History of corneal abnormalcy, refractile surgery or orthokeratology intervention.3.4 Study tools and processWithin survey sites, clinical scrutinies are by and large performed at one location ( IIUM Optometry clinic ) . Before clinical eyes scrutiny is performed on the participant, they will be asked for a complete personal and household general wellness and oculus wellness history. Later, participants underwent an extended and standardised scrutiny process, which included ocular sharp-sightedness ( VA ) testing, refraction and a elaborate optic slit lamp and fundus scrutiny The ocular Acuity ( VA ) will be measured utilizing a Snellen chart at 6m. Measurement of refractile position will be conducted utilizing subjective refraction with cross cylinder. Subjects were categorized into emmetropia, hypermetropia and nearsightedness utilizing the spherical tantamount refraction. Classification was done based on: Emmetropia a†°Ã‚ ¤A ± 0.50DS and Myopia a†°? 2.00DS. Following, measuring of corneal curvature will be taken utilizing Pentacam ( Oculus, Inc. , Germany ) . Average corneal curvature ( AVK ) was obtained by the norm of the horizontal and perpendicular corneal curvature. Finally, the external oculus and anterior section ( eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, flag, and student ) will be examined with slit lamp, and followed by scrutiny of media and fundus utilizing indirect opthmoscopy and fundus camera.3.5 Data analysisThe natural informations are keyed in and organized utilizing statistical package SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Science ) v ersion 17.0. The information will be analyzed utilizing the same package. Statistical analyses being employed are: Normality trial on each information set utilizing Histogram. important degree: 0.05 for 95 % CI Descriptive analysis ( average, standard divergence, average and frequence ) . One-way analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will be used to compare the average corneal radius of curvature across the refractile position groups The relationships among parametric quantities will be tested utilizing Pearson ‘s correlativity and additive arrested development analysis.3.6 Ethical considerationEthical blessing will be acquired from the ethical commission of Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ) . Engagement in this survey is on a voluntary footing and participants will be asked to subscribe the consent signifier if they agree to take part in this survey. A written consent will be acquired prior to informations aggregation ( Appendix B ) . In this consent signifier, campaigners will be informed that they will move as ‘subject ‘ in this survey. Participants will be given account on the processs involved in this survey before informations aggregation is performed.The process is considered safe because it is non-invasive. Furthermore, the participants ‘ informations is confidential to public. Any inquiry from the topic will be answered consequently. Participants may besides retreat from this survey at any clip.