Domestic and international HRM policies and practices Essay

Domestic and international HRM policies and practices - Essay Example historical development of SHRM, originated in succession with the paternalist view point, personnel, human relations, industrial relations & personnel management, HRM, SHRM and was succeeded by IHRM (Ryan, 2005; Hall & Hitch, 1939). However, Dickman goes on to state that "it is necessary to go beyond strategy and structure to focus on processes to begin to understand how sophisticated international HRM may contribute to increased efficiency, responsiveness and innovativeness." (2001: 1) Ryan (2005) states that the HRM mantra achieves five key variables these being: flatter structures, cohesive cultures, strong leadership, productivity through people and customer focus. In practice HRM is largely third position on the managerial agenda (Ryan, 2005:5). In short, HRM is concerned with the management of people, the employer-employee relationship or labour regulation which has existed since the first form of formal organisation (Kamoche, 2001). HRM is also seen as the differentiating factor between successful and unsuccessful organisations, more important than technology or finance in achieving a competitive advantage. This is more so in the service sector throughout the UK (Marchington & Wilkinson, 2005). HRM is predominately undertaken by an organisation to operate its human resources successfully and includes: planning, staffing, performance management training and development, compensation and industrial relations. However, there is much heated debate and scepticism put forward on whether HRM is differentiated from personnel management and industrial relations, as some claim HRM makes apparent the contemporary reality of today's competitive environment (Beardwell et al. 2004). Regardless of the continuing debate, it is generally accepted that the functional... HRM is predominately undertaken by an organization to operate its human resources successfully and includes: planning, staffing, performance management training and development, compensation and industrial relations. However, there is much-heated debate and skepticism put forward on whether HRM is differentiated from personnel management and industrial relations, as some claim HRM makes apparent the contemporary reality of today’s competitive environment (Beardwell et al. 2004). Regardless of the continuing debate, it is generally accepted that the functional responsibility traditionally falls under the HRM umbrella. It also involves the integration of goals throughout the firm, with the employer committed to the value of human labor (Guest, 1987). One must recognize that HRM practices are used in every organization to manage employee issues, but the degree of use varies. Nonetheless, HRM originated as a US based concept with the ‘Michigan model’ being the first o f its kind (Warner & Joynt, 2002).The economic growth of the 1990’s was associated with multinational companies (MNCs) and FDI expansion as 53,000 MNC’s controlled 450,000 subsidiaries, accounting for 25% of world output in developed economies and now the figures have risen extraordinarily. The organization of economic cooperation and development (OECD) concede that FDI has exonerated and achieved record levels of inflow and outflows as capital movement is not restricted (Beardwell et al. 2004).

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media - Essay Example ‘Hot’ media was descriptive of elements of the mass media such as radio, newspapers and magazines. These media types give a lot of information to the reader or listener but do not give room for a lot of sensory involvement or completion on the part of the listener or reader. What McLuhan described as "cool" media included media sources like television as well as the telephone or television. Due to the fact that these devices do not give as much information as the radio or newspaper, they have to exact a stronger sensory â€Å"hold† on the attention of their users so as to remain relevant. McLuhan was especially engrossed with the effect of the television, which was just then gaining popularity, on its regular viewers. He was even more enthralled when later research established that television actually affects viewers by supporting them in developing passive brain wave patterns. Each mediums form is connected with a different understanding where the senses are conc erned and so expose the consumer to different experiences. These experiences or alterations of perceptions form the basis of the general message’s meaning. McLuhan had a broad definition for the word ‘media’. He perceived it as â€Å"any technology that ... forms extensions of the human senses as well as body†.2 McLuhan correlated parts of the body with technological parts so as to give a better characterisation of how he perceived technology. For instance, he felt that clothing was simply an extension of the skin, while the book could be said to be an extension of the eye. McLuhan felt that these industrial extensions could in fact intensify a specific human sense while the remaining other four were disregarded. Therefore, technology, according to McLuhan, interfered with people’s sensory balance, which then affected the emotional responses of the larger human society. This process, according to McLuhan, could be viewed as being the unintended caus e of all the principal cultural shifts that have typified eras of human history like the industrial age or the renaissance. McLuhan believed that human beings adapt to their environment by way of given balances, and that the main medium used in each age unearths a distinct sense ratio. McLuhan perceived every medium as being an exaggeration of one of the human faculties. He even believed that the human central nervous system is represented in the electric circuitry. It was McLuhan’s believe that in the prehistoric era, humankind existed in the perfect condition in which all of man’s senses functioned together in perfect synchronisation. In his words, â€Å"prior to the discovery of the phonetic alphabet, humankind existed in a world where all the five senses were simultaneous and balanced; this was a world of filled with resonance as well as tribal depth†.3 Humankind, according to McLuhan, lived in a space that was devoid of margins or even a centre. The only wa y through which preliterate people could exchange ideas was through speech. In essence, all information